A dynamic table of contents allows you to jump directly to the work selected. Ulyanov) (1870–1924) Russian revolutionary; Pope Leo XIII (Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci) (1810–1903) Bruno Leoni (1913–1967) Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (1906–1999) … Muhammad was certain that Allâh commanded him to call people to a new religion which He revealed to him in order to renew the world and, by virtue of his certainty, he was able to change the entire world.”[18], “The Arab conquests had a specific character the like of which was missing with other conquerors who came after them. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. Download This eBook. His interests then turned to anthropology and psychology. In his refutation to the argument that this battle rescued the West and Christianity from the Arabs, La Bon says: “Suppose that the Christians failed to overcome the Arabs and that the Arabs found the climate of northern France neither rainy nor cold in such a way that it was pleasant to them to stay there forever, what would Europe have gotten from that? This seemed clearer in Egypt whose Persian, Greek and Roman conquerors did not succeed in changing the ancient Pharaonic civilization and replacing it with their own.”[10], “The Arabs of Spain had ideal chivalry by virtue of their great toleration. Then, they devoted themselves to the study of sciences and arts, translation of  Greek and Latin books into Arabic and foundation of  universities that remained the only cultural refuge in Europe for a long time.”[22], “Sicily, at the time the Arabs left it, was culturally, industrially and socially higher than it had been when they entered it. May 7, 1841 d. Dec 13, 1931} The following work is devoted to an account of the characteristics of crowds. They left them free with their property, churches and laws and made their own (rather than the Muslim) judges responsible for their legal affairs. In spite of the fact that the Arab civilization perished much like the previous ones, nothing affected the religion of the Prophet which still has the same influence it had in the past and the same great authority over souls, although other older religions lose day after day something of their power.”[16], “Saladin did not like to follow, with the Crusaders, the same barbarous approach their ancestors had followed with the Muslims. During the 9th and 10th centuries, when Arab civilization in Spain was very bright, the centers of culture in the West were no more than towers inhabited by brutal seniors proud of being unlettered. Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931). The fruit of…, This section focusses on the historical, sociological, philosophical, economic, political, and scientific context of modernism. The crowd’s “collective mind” responds to suggestions more readily than the individual minds of its members, hence its “servility” in the face of strong authority. The Barbarians who occupied the Roman world, Turks and others, regardless of founding great states, did not establish a civilization and, therefore, the purpose of their existence was to utilize, even with great difficulty, the civilizations of the nations they conquered. Gustave Le Bon (7 de mayo, 1841 - 13 de diciembre, 1931) fue un sociólogo y físico aficionado, en el campo de la psicología social es una gran influencia por sus aportaciones sobre la dinámica social y grupal. Meanwhile, the most knowledgeable among the Christians were from the poor, ignorant monks who stayed in their churches to submissively erase the valuable books of the ancients to have enough scrolls to transcribe the books of worship.”[20], “The civil affair of the Arabs did not seem, in any country they ruled, clearer as it did in Spain which had no civilization before the Arab conquest and then came to have a flourishing civilization in the era of the Arabs before it fell to the lowest bottom of degradation after their evacuation.”[21], “The Arabs had no sooner completed their conquest of Spain than they began to carry out the message of civilization in it. Le Bon (Gustave, 1841-1931) auteur, déresponsabilisation, foule, groupe, Le Bon, masse, psychologie sociale . … But even, the different peoples had never known tolerant conquerors like the Arabs nor a religion like theirs.”[9], “The forbearance and toleration that characterized the Arab conquerors, of which historians were ignorant, seemed to explain to what extent they were able to expand their conquests. Over time, exposure to institutions, laws, and habits creates racial or national character. No ethnos like the Arabs could be fit for a living example of the influence of the factors lying behind the foundation, magnificence and decline of states.”[30]. Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931) French psychologist and sociologist; Emil Lederer (1882–1939) Harvey Leibenstein (1922–1994) Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (V.I. His works include: La Civilization des Arabes (1884); La Psychologie des Foules (1895); La Psychologie de l’éducation (1910); Les opinions et les croyances (1911); La révolution française et la psychologie des Révolutions (1912); Enseignements psychologiques de la guerre européenne (1915); Premières conséquences de la guerre (1916); Hier et demain. Lire: Benoît Marpeau, Gustave Le Bon - Parcours d'un intellectuel 1841-1931 , CNRS éditions 2000. No doubt, the barbarous Christian Europe would have gotten the same flourishing civilization which Spain obtained under the banner of Arab civilization and, after being edified, would have avoided such severe catastrophes of religious wars, the epic of San Barthélémy, the wrongdoings of inquisitions and, in short, all calamities from which the Muslims were far yet tinted Europe with blood along many centuries.”[12]. Muhammad challenged both men and jinn to produce the like of the Quran and this was the strongest indication to the truth of his message. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931). Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Repu… It was these who civilized Europe physically, mentally and morally and no nation along history has ever produced the like of what they produced within such a short time and no people have ever excelled them in artistic innovation.”[25], The best nation to be produced for the people, “However, the achievements made by Muhammad in the Arab territories went beyond those of all religions before Islam, including even Judaism and Christianity. Date Accessed 21 Dec. 2020 https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. Muhammad forbade killing monks because they devoted themselves to worship. The primary criterion…, We are living in a very singular moment of history. He also made the Ka‘bah an Islamic place of worship and soon it became the main house of Islam.”[28], You are indeed on a high model of moral character, “Muhammad was a man of noble manners, wisdom, kindheartedness, compassion, mercy, truthfulness and trustworthiness.”[29], “Few are the nations that excelled the Arabs in civility. Since the very first events, they contacted the native inhabitants of the neighboring territories who, suffering for long centuries from the transgression of their conquerors, were willing to receive, with warmth and gladness, any new conqueror to lighten the severe pressure from them. Online Books by. Gustave Le Bon. Edward Bernays, widely regarded as the father of modern advertising, drew heavily on Le Bon’s work when formulating his ideas on propaganda and mass manipulation. See also what's at your library, or elsewhere. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon est né à Nogent-le-Rotrou, dans le Centre-Val de Loire, le 7 mai 1841. Er gilt als einer der Begründer der Massenpsychologie, einem Teilgebiet der Sozialpsychologie. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. If it happened that some Christians embraced Islam and took Arabic as their language, this was due to the justice they saw from the victorious Arabs the like of which they did not see from their previous masters, in addition to the ease of Islam which they knew not before.”[3], “It has been proven throughout history that religions cannot be imposed by force. The Spaniards accepted it willingly and submitted to the Arabs compliantly.”[8], No conquerors like the Arabs have ever been known, “The early conquests of the Arabs were supposed to blind their eyes and cause them to commit the same injustices usually done by conquerors, wrong the conquered and compel them to adopt their religion which they liked to spread all over the world. They levied upon them only a fixed annual Jizyah as little as no more than a dinar per noble and half a dinar per slave. Gustave Le Bon : parcours d'un intellectuel, 1841-1931 by Benoit Marpeau ( Book ) Gustave Le Bon by Raymond Queneau ( Book ) The opposite was true of the Arabs, who very quickly founded a new civilization extremely different from those prior to it and succeeded in attracting numerous peoples to their religion and language, not to mention their new civilization.”[19], Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs, “The Arabs had a great influence on the West, and Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs. Such outcomes, as I have mentioned more than once, could never have been achieved by force nor had they been attained by these who ruled Egypt before the Arabs.”[7], “The Arabs completed the conquest of Spain very quickly because the big cities hastened to open their gates to the conquerors that entered Cordoba, Malaga, Granada and Toledo, almost with a peace treaty. His writings have theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behavior and crowd psychology. [19] Gustave La Bon, La Civilization des Arabes, 135. No nation has ever achieved the greatest number of inventions within the shortest time as the Arabs did. Retrieved 21 Dec. 2020, from https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. In The Laws of Imitation (1880), he suggests that imitation drives the development of language…. Tweeter. doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, Merrill, T. 2016, 'Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)' in Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism, Taylor and Francis, viewed 21 December 2020, . أكبر بوابة للتاريخ الإسلامي على شبكة الإنترنت، وتنشر محتواها بسبع لغات عالمية. To receive the latest topics on email directly as they are published, All rights reserved to Islam story website ©2012. Thus, a lot of peoples very easily adopted their religion, systems and language, which established itself, resisted all invasions and survived even after the disappearance of Arab sovereignty from the scene. In every…, Gabriel Tarde was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and criminologist. Beginning in 1902, his Wednesday luncheons attracted the Parisian intellectual and social elite. Ta… About the author: Charles-Marie Gustave le Bon (1841–1931) was one of France’s most famous polymaths, who wrote and studied extensively in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and science. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. They announced publicly anywhere that they respected the peoples’ creeds, customs and habits and rather satisfied themselves with taking, in return for protecting those peoples, a very little Jizyah much less than what they paid to their previous masters.”[14], “It is they who taught, or say, tried to teach the Christians toleration, the most cherished human characteristic. He offered the Egyptians complete religious freedom, absolute justice and respect for their property, and imposed a fixed annual Jizyah of no more than fifteen franks per capita, as opposed to the high taxes levied by the Roman Caesars. Ordinary people can typically gain direct power by acting collectively. From La Civilization des Arabes (the Civilization of the Arabs): “Islam, from among all religions, best suits the science discoveries and is the most ready to edify souls and force them to abide by justice, kindness and toleration.”[1], “With the flourishing of Arab civilization, religious toleration was absolute – a fact for which we have brought more than one indication. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931: Title: Psychologie de l'éducation Language: French: LoC Class: LA: Education: History of education: Subject: Education, Higher Subject: Education -- France Category: Gustave Le Bon, né le 7 mai 1841 à Nogent-le-Rotrou et mort le 13 décembre 1931 à Marnes-la-Coquette, est un médecin, anthropologue, psychologue social et sociologue français. Its “soul” is determined by three factors: (1) its number; (2) the force of contagion or imitation; and (3) hypnotic suggestion. The more tolerant Islam seems to be, the stronger it becomes internally and externally. BY GUSTAVE LE BON {b. . He was a French Orientalist and researcher in sociology and psychology. ‎2 works of Gustave Le Bon French social psychologist, sociologist, Anthropologist, inventor, and amateur physicist (1841-1931) This ebook presents a collection of 2 works of Gustave Le Bon. 1/ Les contenus accessibles sur le site Gallica sont pour la plupart des reproductions numériques d'oeuvres tombées dans le domaine public provenant des collections de la BnF.Leur réutilisation s'inscrit dans le cadre de la loi n°78-753 du 17 juillet 1978 : The Egyptians willingly accepted and were thankful for these conditions, which encouraged them to pay the Jizyah in advance. Charles Marie Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Gustave Lebon (1841-1931) Ä Å«stāf LÅ« BÅ«n (1841-1931) (arabe) غوستاف لو بون (1841-1931) (arabe) ISNI : ISNI 0000 0001 2100 6485: Information (catalogue BnF archives et manuscrits) : Médecin, Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), fut chargé pendant la guerre de 1870 d'une des divisions des ambulances militaires volantes de l'armée de Paris. Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. This influence on the West could be perceived only by imagining the state in which Europe was before civilization was brought to it. In The Psychology of Peoples (1894), Le Bon posited that emotions such as honor, nationalism, and religious faith (rather than reason) drive social evolution. Pensées brèves (1918); Psychologie des temps nouveaux (1920); Le déséquilibre du monde (1923); Les incertitudes de l’heure présente (1923); Bases scientifiques d’une philosophie de l’histoire (1931); and others. Gustave Le Bon, Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoire. 5/7/1841 in Nogent-le-Retrou) p. 262 (d. 12/15/1931) The way the caliphs had to follow was very clear: they knew how to refrain from compelling anyone by force to leave his religion and not to put to sword those who did not embrace Islam. Gustave Le Bon (Francia, 1841-1931) Psicólogo social y escritor francés, fue el primero en describir el fenómeno de las masas y de la colectividad amorfa; por ello algunos le consideran el fundador de la psicología de masas. The Psychology Of Peoples [Le Bon, Gustave 1841-1931] on Amazon.com. Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931), French social scientist and philosopher. Few are the ethnic groups which rose and declined like the Arabs. Fue autor de numerosos trabajos en los que expuso teorías sobre los rasgos nacionales, la superioridad racial, el comportamiento y la psicología de las masas. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931 -- Travel. Gustave Le Bon (Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931) A Wikipedia article about this author is available.. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931. They also embraced the religion of the Arabs and learned their language willingly. The person Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931 represents an individual (alive, dead, undead, or fictional) associated with resources found in Boston University Libraries. [29] Gustave La Bone, la religion et la vie, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 67. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company, Discover key events and debates that shaped the Modernist movement, Edward Louis Bernays retains a place in the history of modernity for synthesizing Freudian psychology, political communication (or propaganda) and the media. Social scientists have developed several different theories for explaining crowd psychology and the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs significantly from that of the individuals within it, including the notion of the Collective Unconscious. When the Christians conquered the Arabs of Andalusia, the Arabs favored to be killed and driven out entirely rather than to leave Islam. Among his famous books is La Civilization des Arabes (The Civilization of the Arabs), one of the most fundamental books written in Europe in the modern age, impartial and objective in judgment on Arab and Islamic civilization. That is, he did not exterminate them entirely: he rather levied upon them a very little Jizyah and forbade the Muslims to take anything from them.”[17], “The Bedouin tribes in the Arab Peninsula adopted a religion brought by an unlettered person by virtue of which they established, within less than fifty years, a great state like that of Alexander and adorned it with many magnificent buildings which stand as a miraculous sign. After completing medical studies in Paris he traveled extensively and wrote on a variety of topics ranging from premature burial to equitation. ‘Umar entered the city in the company of only a small number of Muslims and asked Patriarch Safronius to accompany him in his tour to the holy sites. Le Bon believed an understanding of crowd psychology was essential for a proper understating of the both history and the nature of man. Gustave Le Bon (7. května 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou – 13. prosince 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette) byl francouzský sociální psycholog, sociolog, antropolog a amatérský fyzik. found: Rouvier, C. Les idées politiques de Gustave Le Bon, c1986: p. 261 (b. Today he is known primarily for The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895). The Arabs left the conquered free to practice their religions. Crowd psychology, also known as mob psychology, is As important as it might be and, in spite of the fact that a lot of topics and paragraphs deserve to be quoted here, the aim of the book permitted only to choose what seemed to me to be the clearest and most important. Among his famous books is La Civilization des Arabes (The Civilization of the Arabs), one of the most fundamental books written in Europe in the modern age, impartial and objective in judgment on Arab and Islamic civilization. Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Médecin et sociologue français, Gustave Le Bon est l'auteur de nombreux ouvrages dont La Psychologie des foules en 1895. We will soon see that the Arabs were credited with presenting ancient knowledge to the medieval people and that the western universities, for five centuries, had no scientific resources other than their writings. : Taylor and Francis, 2016. That toleration was recognized by some European scholars who had doubts or those few in number who believed and gazed at the history of the Arabs. Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931) Gustave Le Bon (n. 7 de mayo, 1841 - † 13 de diciembre, 1931) fue un sociólogo y físico aficionado, en el campo de la psicología social es una gran influencia por sus aportaciones sobre la dinámica social y grupal. Gustave Le Bon was born on May 7, 1841, in Nogent-le-Retrou. Gustave Le Bon (* 7. That the Arabs did not make other attempts to conquer this region goes back to the fact that northern France was very cold and rainy and this neither suited them nor encouraged them to stay there. [18] Gustave La Bon, Les opinions et les croyances, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 6. Although Gustave Le Bon was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior.. Indeed, the Arabs were no less influential to the West than they were to the East. The numerous Christian churches they built during the Arab reign give a clear proof that the Arabs respected the creeds of other nations which submitted to their authority.”[15], “The Arab civilization produced by the followers of Muhammad  was subject to the same norms which governed the previous civilizations in the world: emergence, evolution, decline and death. “We see from the Qur’anic verses that Muhammad’s toleration with the Jews and Christians was so great as none among the founders of the religions before him, of Judaism or Christianity, had never been, and we would see how his successors followed his method in this respect. "Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)." He imposed only a little Jizyah on them. Gustave le Bon (1841-1931) He was a French Orientalist and researcher in sociology and psychology. Psychologie des foules / par Gustave Le Bon.