Article 231 placed Germany and her allies with responsibility for causing all the loss and damage suffered by the Allies. Once the economic situation had stabilised, Stresemann could begin putting a permanent currency in place, called the Rentenmark (October 1923), which again contributed to the growing level of international confidence in the Weimar Republic's economy. ", "A History of the German Republic by Arthur Rosenberg 1936", "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low-income countries? Immediately afterward, Brüning submitted the president's decree that the Reichstag be dissolved. Cf. In October 1925 the Treaty of Locarno was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. However, he also drew right-wing extremist hatred as a Jew (see also Weimar antisemitism). Inter, (134), 46–53. Most German capitalists and landowners originally supported the conservative experiment more from the belief that conservatives would best serve their interests rather than any particular liking for Brüning. Hitler presented an appealing prospect of respect towards Christianity by paying tribute to the Christian faiths as "essential elements for safeguarding the soul of the German people". Even healthy companies, therefore, may appear over-indebted and facing bankruptcy. Cette République de Weimar a concentré durant ses 14 années d’existence un nombre important d’événements, dont certains auraient pu laisser prévoir une solution progressiste, grâce à l’action révolutionnaire, alors que d’autres ont participé à précipiter le … The major weakness in constitutional terms was the inherent instability of the coalitions, which often fell prior to elections. [55] Anton Erkelenz, chairman of the German Democratic Party and a contemporary critic of Brüning, famously said that the policy of deflation is: A rightful attempt to release Germany from the grip of reparation payments, but in reality it meant nothing else than committing suicide because of fearing death. On 15 November 1923, a new currency, the Rentenmark, was introduced at the rate of one trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for one Rentenmark, an action known as redenomination. This period ended with Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Dès la nuit qui a suivi son accession à la chancellerie du Reich, le 9 novembre 1918, Friedrich Ebert conclut un accord secret avec l'armée pour mettre fin aux désordres. Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921. The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history. Lorsqu'il apparaît aux militaires que la guerre est perdue, l'OHL demande qu'un nouveau gouvernement soit formé (le gouvernement civil existait déjà puisqu'au début de la guerre, cela avait été Bethmann-Hollweg, le chancelier au « chiffon de papier » ; il a… Although in retreat, the German armies were still on French and Belgian territory when the war ended on 11 November. [63], Hitler promised that the Act did not threaten the existence of either the Reichstag or the Reichsrat, that the authority of the President remained untouched and that the Länder would not be abolished. [20], With the Verordnung of 3 February 1919, the Ebert government reintroduced the original structure of the health insurance boards according to an 1883 law, with one-third employers and two-thirds members (i.e. 22 kg per person per year was still less than half of the 52 kg statistic in 1913, before the onset of the war. Most of the remaining states were formally dissolved by the Allies at the end of the Second World War and ultimately reorganised into the modern states of Germany. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. By the end of the year, over two hundred factories were working full-time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production. The Allies permitted only low import levels of goods that most Germans could not afford. The German colonial empire was stripped and given over to Allied forces. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. On the one hand, this agreement symbolised the acceptance of the new government by the military, assuaging concern among the middle classes; on the other hand, it was thought contrary to working-class interests by left wing social democrats and communists, and was also opposed by the far right who believed democracy would make Germany weaker. Schleicher planned for a sort of labour government under his Generalship. La République de Weimar (1918 – 1933) Weimar est inséparable de ce qui lui donne naissance et de ce qui lui succédera. This encouraged an escalation in the number of public demonstrations and instances of paramilitary violence organised by the NSDAP. [19] A decree on 23 December 1918 established committees (composed of workers' representatives "in their relation to the employer") to safeguard the rights of workers. The sailors and soldiers, inexperienced in matters of revolutionary combat, welcomed him as an experienced politician and allowed him to negotiate a settlement, thus defusing the initial anger of the revolutionaries in uniform. Additionally, Hindenburg's death in 1934 ended the last obstacle for Hitler to assume full power in the Weimar Republic. The left of the Nazi party strove desperately against any drift into the train of such capitalist and feudal reactionaries. [8] Debate continues as to whether this policy was without alternative: some argue that the Allies would not in any circumstances have allowed a devaluation of the Reichsmark, while others point to the Hoover Moratorium as a sign that the Allies understood that the situation had changed fundamentally and further German reparation payments were impossible. By late summer 1918 the German reserves were exhausted while fresh American troops arrived in France at the rate of 10,000 a day. 1924, Hanovre. These states were gradually abolished under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, whereby they were effectively replaced by Gaue. While the first German Confederal Navy (Reichsflotte, 1848–1852) had proudly deployed a naval ensign based on Schwarz-Rot-Gold, the Weimar republic navy, or Reichsmarine (1918–1933) insisted on using the pre-1918 colours of the former Kaiserliche Marine (1871–1918), which were Black-White-Red, as did the German merchant marine. Reichswappen as depicted in the table: "Deutsches Reich: Wappen I" in: Farm labour in Germany, 1810–1945; its historical development within the framework of agricultural and social policy by Frieda Wunderlich, Industrial and Labour Information, Volume 20, International Labour Office, 1926, Modern Germany: society, economy and politics in the twentieth century by Volker R. Berghahn. In a major thematic exhibition the SCHIRN is presenting German art from 1918 to 1933.Direct, ironic, angry, accusatory, and often even prophetic works demonstrate the struggle for democracy and paint a picture of a society in the midst of crisis and transition. By early February, a mere week after Hitler's assumption of the chancellorship, the government had begun to clamp down on the opposition. The burdens of the First World War lightened little in the immediate years following, and with the onset of the Treaty of Versailles, coupled by mass inflation, Germany still remained in a crisis. Inspired by the general strikes, a workers' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a "Red Army" and took control of the province. [21] From 28 June 1919 health insurance committees became elected by workers themselves. Circulation of money rocketed, and soon banknotes were being overprinted to a thousand times their nominal value and every town produced its own promissory notes; many banks and industrial firms did the same. On 29 January, Hitler and Papen thwarted a last-minute threat of an officially sanctioned Reichswehr takeover, and on 30 January 1933 Hindenburg accepted the new Papen-Nationalist-Hitler coalition, with the Nazis holding only three of eleven Cabinet seats: Hitler as Chancellor, Wilhelm Frick as Minister of the Interior and Hermann Göring as Minister Without Portfolio. Découvrez toutes nos lettres déjà parues. La république de Weimar et l’espace. in June 1922, who had been defamed as compliant "Erfüllungspolitiker" [de][b] with regard to the Treaty of Versailles. As he was an old style monarchist conservative, he had little love lost for the Republic,[citation needed] but for the most part, he formally acted within the bounds of the constitution;[citation needed] however, he ultimately—on the advice of his son and others close to him—appointed Hitler chancellor, thereby effectively ending the Republic. In the four years following the First World War, the situation for German civilians remained dire. Nom donné au régime de l'Allemagne après la Première Guerre mondiale (1919-1933). Fritz-Helmut Wisch, Paul Martin and Marianne Martinson. Germany recognised the western borders that had been established through the Versaille Treaty, but its eastern borders remained subject to possible revisions. Ludendorf and Hindenburg soon proclaimed that it was the defeatism of the civilian population that had made defeat inevitable. While Erzberger was attacked for signing the armistice agreement in 1918, Rathenau as foreign minister was responsible, among other things, for the reparations issue. He now blamed Germany's problems on the Communists, even threatening their lives on 3 March. No single reason can explain the failure of the Weimar Republic. Hitler's seizure of power (Machtergreifung) brought the republic to an end. The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919. Only the SPD had voted against the Act. Because of the Nazis' narrow majority in the Reichstag, Centre's support was necessary to receive the required two-thirds majority vote. Meetings of the left-wing parties were banned and even some of the moderate parties found their members threatened and assaulted. Schleicher's bold and unsuccessful plan was to build a majority in the Reichstag by uniting the trade unionist left wings of the various parties, including that of the Nazis led by Gregor Strasser. MLA (7th ed.) [11] By the mid-1920s, Deutsche Republik was used by most Germans, but for the anti-democratic right the word Republik was a painful reminder of a government structure that had been imposed by foreign statesmen, along with the relocation of the seat of power to Weimar and the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm in the wake of massive national humiliation.[11]. The greater blow to Germans however was that they were forced to give up the territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The state was officially the German Reich (Deutsches Reich), and was also referred to as the German Republic (Deutsche Republik). Inter no. Resentment in Germany towards the Treaty of Versailles was strong, especially on the political right where there was great anger towards those who had signed and submitted to the treaty. Ebert called for a "National Congress of Councils" (Reichsrätekongress), which took place from 16 to 20 December 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority. The first challenge to the Weimar Republic came when a group of communists and anarchists took over the Bavarian government in Munich and declared the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. On 22 March, the negotiations concluded; Hitler promised to continue the existence of the German states, agreed not to use the new grant of power to change the constitution, and promised to retain Zentrum members in the civil service. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade. Dans le même temps se réunit à Weimar une Assemblée nationale, majoritairement constituée de députés socialistes, démocrates ou catholiques (Zentrum). During the debates in Weimar, fighting continued. However, with inefficient armour and no air support, the Reichswehr would have had limited combat abilities. Republica de la Weimar (în germană Weimarer Republik) este numele dat de istorici Germaniei după Primul Război Mondial și a fost prima democrație parlamentară din istoria Germaniei.Republica de la Weimar a existat între 1919-1933, de la proclamarea republicii, în urma Primului Război Mondial, și până la numirea lui Adolf Hitler în funcția de cancelar. The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the Nazi movement. [32], In the early post-war years, inflation was growing at an alarming rate, but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts. Hindenburg, despite his misgivings about the Nazis' goals and about Hitler as a personality, reluctantly agreed to Papen's theory that, with Nazi popular support on the wane, Hitler could now be controlled as Chancellor. During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923, the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day. The Communists' 81 seats had been empty since the Reichstag Fire Decree and other lesser known procedural measures, thus excluding their anticipated "No" votes from the balloting. Although technically in service of the republic, the army was predominantly officered by conservative reactionaries who were sympathetic to right-wing organisations. 134 (2020) : 46–53. federal president of germany frank-walter steinmeier and his wife elke büdenbender welcomes the people in front of the hotel russischer hof in weimar - weimar republic stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images In his retort to Wels, Hitler abandoned earlier pretence at calm statesmanship and delivered a characteristic screaming diatribe, promising to exterminate all Communists in Germany and threatening Wels' Social Democrats as well. This was the last multi-party election of the Weimar Republic and the last multi-party all-German election for 57 years. Many blamed the Weimar Republic. Weimar wanted to express its origins in that political movement between 1849 and 1858; while anti-republicans opposed this flag. In 1928, however, the Reichswappen (Reich coat of arms) designed by Tobias Schwab (1887–1967) in 1926 (or 1924[15]) replaced it as the official emblem for the German Olympic team. In view of the mass support for more radical reforms among the workers' councils, a coalition government called "Council of the People's Deputies" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members. Chaque semaine, un contrepoint historique de l'actualité, anniversaires, récits, devinettes : Gratuit et vous pouvez vous désabonner à tout moment. In line with the contemporary economic theory (subsequently termed "leave-it-alone liquidationism"), he enacted a draconian policy of deflation and drastically cutting state expenditure. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. The hitherto Presidential Dictatorship hereby was to give itself a new legal form. Von Papen as Vice Chancellor was intended to be the "éminence grise" who would keep Hitler under control, using his close personal connection to Hindenburg. The rebellion caused great fear in the establishment and in the middle classes because of the Soviet-style aspirations of the councils. [46] Health insurance coverage was extended to other categories of the population during the existence of the Weimar Republic, including seamen, people employed in the educational and social welfare sectors, and all primary dependents. 100 years of the weimar republic, germany's first democracy. "Weimar Germany" redirects here. Hitler, however, assured his coalition partners that arrests would resume after the elections and, in fact, some 26 SPD Social Democrats were physically removed. The Great Depression, exacerbated by Brüning's policy of deflation, led to a surge in unemployment. The solidarity expressed in large, public funeral processions for those murdered, and the passage of a "Law for the Protection of the Republic [de], were intended to put a stop to the right-wing enemies of the Weimar Republic. On 29 March 1930, after months of lobbying by General Kurt von Schleicher on behalf of the military, the finance expert Heinrich Brüning was appointed as Müller's successor by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg. Ce sera la fin de la République de Weimar. [22] The Provisional Order of January 1919 concerning agricultural labour conditions fixed 2,900 hours as a maximum per year, distributed as eight, ten, and eleven hours per day in four-monthly periods. Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans. Une lettre pour tous les passionnés d'Histoire, Publié ou mis à jour le : 2019-06-11 09:10:03. The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany. Historian Sally Marks says the 112 billion marks in "C bonds" were entirely chimerical—a device to fool the public into thinking Germany would pay much more. [16][17][14] The Reichswehr adopted the new Reichswappen in 1927. In 1929, three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51. Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union, German literature, cinema, theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity. The economic stagnation led to increased demands on Germany to repay the debts owed to the United States. Other foreign achievements were the evacuation of foreign troops from the Ruhr in 1925. Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Instagramm Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Vimeo The Bauhaus-Universität Weimar uses Matomo for web analytics. The decisive blow came with the entry of the United States into the conflict, which made its vast industrial resources available to the beleaguered Allies. The democratic parties obtained a solid 80% of the vote. However, the 1949 West German constitution (the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany) is generally viewed as a strong response to these flaws. The Weimar Republic (German: Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk] (listen)), is a historical designation for the German federal state that existed from 1918 to 1933. Thus, the USPD left the "Council of the People's Deputies" after only seven weeks. Germany's fragile economy had been sustained by the granting of loans through the Dawes Plan (1924) and the Young Plan (1929). La Révolution allemande de novembre 1918 entraîne la substitution de la démocratie parlementaire à la monarchie constitutionnelle. [34], Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. At the cabinet meeting on 15 March, Hitler introduced the Enabling Act, which would have authorised the cabinet to enact legislation without the approval of the Reichstag. Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars, which meant that by mid-1923, his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy. From 1930 onwards, President Paul von Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher. Hans Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Band 4, 1. This left the black eagle with one head, facing to the right, with open wings but closed feathers, with a red beak, tongue and claws and white highlighting. The general elections on 31 July 1932 yielded major gains for the Communists, and for the Nazis, who won 37.3% of the vote—their high-water mark in a free election. Sporadic fighting continued to flare up around the country. It went into effect the following day, 24 March. ... Si ses chances de réussite étaient faibles, la République de Weimar n'était pas non plus irrémédiablement vouée à l'échec, selon l'auteur. Thus, Ebert was able to institute elections for a provisional National Assembly that would be given the task of writing a democratic constitution for parliamentary government, marginalising the movement that called for a socialist republic. The Executive Council of the Workers’ and Soldiers’ Councils, a coalition that included Majority Socialists, Independent Socialists, workers, and soldiers, implemented a programme of progressive social change, introducing reforms such as the eight-hour workday, the releasing of political prisoners, the abolition of press censorship, increases in workers’ old-age, sick and unemployment benefits, and the bestowing upon labour the unrestricted right to organise into unions. Germany became a de facto republic on 9 November 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the German and Prussian thrones with no agreement made on a succession by his son Crown Prince Wilhelm. The Reichstag fire on 27 February was blamed by Hitler's government on the Communists. [40] A series of progressive tax reforms were introduced under the auspices of Matthias Erzberger, including increases in taxes on capital[41] and an increase in the highest income tax rate from 4% to 60%. The value of the Papiermark had declined from 4.2 marks per U.S. dollar in 1914 to one million per dollar by August 1923. Kaas is considered to have had a hand therefore in the drafting of the speech. A few weeks later, the term Weimarer Republik was first used again by Hitler in a newspaper article. [23] A code of January 1919 bestowed upon land-labourers the same legal rights that industrial workers enjoyed, while a bill ratified that same year obliged the States to set up agricultural settlement associations which, as noted by Volker Berghahn, "were endowed with the priority right of purchase of farms beyond a specified size". The German peace delegation in France signed the Treaty of Versailles, accepting mass reductions of the German military, the prospect of substantial war reparations payments to the victorious allies, and the controversial "War Guilt Clause". Overall trade increased and unemployment fell. By the end of 1923, one US dollar was equal to 4,200,000,000,000 marks. Wolfgang Elz, "Foreign policy" in Anthony McElligott, ed., American Journal of Care for Cripples, Volume 8, Douglas C. McMurtrie, 1919, AQA History: The Development of Germany, 1871–1925 by Sally Waller. Hitler and the Nazis exploited the German state's broadcasting and aviation facilities in a massive attempt to sway the electorate, but this election yielded a scant majority of 16 seats for the coalition. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème weimar, metropolis, république de weimar. Because most parties opposed the new government, Papen had the Reichstag dissolved and called for new elections. On 15 March, the first cabinet meeting was attended by the two coalition parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag: The Nazis and the DNVP led by Alfred Hugenberg (288 + 52 seats). Rassurés par l'échec des menées révolutionnaires, les députés mettent en place les institutions républicaines qui vont remplacer le IIe Reich allemand. Hitler addressed disparate interest groups, stressing the necessity for a definitive solution to the perpetual instability of the Weimar Republic. Sur fond de disette et de guerre civile, tandis que Berlin, Munich et les grands ports sont menacés de subversion bolchévique, les députés régularisent à la hâte les institutions républicaines forgées après la défaite allemande et l'abdication de l'empereur Guillaume II. Le 6 février 1919, trois mois après l'armistice qui a mis fin à la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), une Assemblée constituante allemande se réunit dans le théâtre de Weimar, la ville de Goethe et Schiller, illustres représentants de l'âme allemande ! After the dissolution of the army of the former German Empire, known as the Deutsches Heer (simply "German Army") or the Reichsheer ("Army of the Realm") in 1918; Germany's military forces consisted of irregular paramilitaries, namely the various right-wing Freikorps ("Free Corps") groups composed of veterans from the war. However, Russia had pulled out of the First World War against the Germans as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, and was excluded from the League of Nations. This Act would, and did, lead Hitler and the NSDAP toward his goal of unfettered dictatorial powers.[61]. The Council issued a large number of decrees that radically shifted German policies.